Neurodevelopmental disorders are conditions that affect how the brain develops and functions, typically appearing early in childhood. These include intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorder (ASD), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), communication disorders, motor disorders, and learning disorders. These conditions often run in families and typically affect more boys than girls. Many children have symptoms of multiple disorders at once - for example, children with autism may also show signs of ADHD.

The signs vary depending on the specific disorder. Children with intellectual disability struggle with reasoning, problem-solving, and practical life skills. Those with autism have difficulty with social interaction and communication, and often have restricted interests or repetitive behaviors. Some may have special abilities in very specific areas. Children with ADHD find it hard to pay attention, may be overly active, and often act without thinking first. Other disorders can affect speech, physical coordination, or specific learning areas like reading or math.